Njengoba amagagasi e-Industrial 4.0 kanye nokukhiqiza okuhlakaniphile kushanela imbulunga yonke, amasistimu okulawula ukunyakaza, njengehabhu elibalulekile elixhumanisa oomakhenikha, izinto zikagesi, nobuchwepheshe bolwazi, abumba kabusha ubuso bemboni yesimanje ngokujula okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili. Kusukela kumakhanda okubekwa kwama-chip ane-micron{2}}ekubekweni kwezinga lokunemba kwemishini yokupakisha ye-elekthronikhi ukuya kumarobhothi aguquguqukayo ashisela akwazi ukukhipha izimoto eziyisithupha eziphelele ngomzuzu emigqeni yokukhiqiza izimoto zamandla amasha; ukusuka-kumathuluzi omshini we-CNC we-eksisi amahlanu anembayo engaphansi kuka-0.01 mm-umshini wesitimela esinesivinini esikhulu ukuya ezimotweni eziqondiswayo (AGVs) ezisebenza ngo-24/7 ezikhungweni zezokuthutha kanye nezindawo zokugcina izimpahla{8}}lezi zinhlelo ezibonakala zihlukile zesisekelo sokulawula: all the common technology systems. Amasistimu okulawula ukunyakaza awawona kuphela "isikhungo senzwa"{10}}yezinto zokusebenza eziphezulu kodwa futhi ayisilinganiso esibalulekile sokuncintisana kokukhiqiza kwezwe.
Isendlalelo Semboni: Indlela Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo isuka kuMechanical Transmission to Intelligent Collaboration
Ingqikithi yesistimu yokulawula ukunyakaza iwukulawula ngokunembile isivinini, indawo, noma i-torque yama-actuator (njengamamotho namasilinda adonsa amanzi) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunyakaza kwezinto ezilawulwayo kumzila onqunywe kusengaphambili noma iphethini. Umlando wokuthuthuka kwayo umlando ofingqiwe wenguquko yezobuchwepheshe yezimboni: Ngaphambi kweminyaka yawo-1950, amakhamera emishini kanye nezinqubo ze-hydraulic servo kwakuyizona ezihamba phambili. Nokho, ngenxa yokuxhumeka okuqinile nokulungisa iphutha ngesandla, amasistimu ayephuza ukuphendula futhi ayenokunemba okuphansi, ehlangabezana nezidingo zezinhlelo ezilula ezifana nemishini yendwangu nemishini yokunyathelisa. Ngeminyaka yawo-1960 kanye nawo-1970, lapho kuvela ama-DC servo motors kanye nezilawuli zesekethe ye-analog, ukulawulwa kokunyakaza kwaqala ukushintshela ekufakeni ugesi, kanye nokufika kwamathuluzi omshini olawulwa ngamanani (CNC) kuqhubekisele phambili nokugqugquzela ukungena kwawo ekukhiqizeni okunembayo. Ngemuva kweminyaka yawo-1980s, impumelelo kubuchwepheshe be-AC servo kanye nokwenza kwaduma ama-microprocessors (njengama-PLCs kanye nama-DSPs) aguqule ukulawula ukunyakaza kusuka "kokusebenza okukhethekile" kuya "kwenkundla-yenhloso evamile," kanye nokwehlukaniswa kwabasebenzi nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezilawuli ezinengqondo ezihlelekayo (PLCs) nezilawuli ezinyakazayo ezivuthwa kancane kancane. Ekhulwini lama-21, ukuhlanganiswa okujulile kokuxhumana kwedijithali (okufana ne-EtherCAT ne-PROFINET), ukuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa (ama-encoder + umbono + force sensing), kanye nama-algorithms obuhlakani bokwenziwa kwaveza isizukulwane esisha sezinhlelo ezihlakaniphile zokulawula ukunyakaza. Lokhu akulungisi nje kuphela amapharamitha ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze abhekane nezimo zokusebenza eziguqukayo, kodwa futhi azuze{14}}ukubambisana kwedivayisi nge-Industrial Internet, kube ubuchwepheshe obunika amandla obuyinhloko bokukhiqiza okuhlakaniphile.
Imakethe yomhlaba wonke yokulawula ukunyakaza njengamanje inendawo ehlukahlukene yokuncintisana. Izinkampani zase-Europe (ezifana ne-Siemens ne-Bosch Rexroth), ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bazo obujulile ku-mechatronics, zibusa-i-CNC ephezulu kanye{2}}nezisetshenziswa ezisindayo. Abakhiqizi base-Japan (abafana ne-Yaskawa kanye ne-Panasonic), abadume ngokuthembeka kwabo okuphezulu kanye ne-miniaturization, bahamba phambili kuma-electronics abathengi namasegimenti wamarobhothi. Izinkampani zaseMelika (ezifana ne-Rockwell kanye ne-Kollmorgen) zigxile-ekusebenzeni okusemaphethelweni njengama-semiconductors kanye ne-aerospace, zigcizelela amandla okulawula{6}}okunemba okukhulu. I-China, imakethe yokukhiqiza enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, izuze ukushintshwa kwasekhaya ngama-servos avamile, ama-PLC aphakathi-naphansi{9}}nezixazululo ezithuthukile emhlabeni{10}}ezihamba phambili emhlabeni{10}}ezimbonini ezisafufusa ezifana ne-photovoltaics namabhethri e-lithium ngokusebenzisa isiqondiso senqubomgomo (njengokuthi "Made in China 2025") kanye ne-brand ye-Inovation yasendaweni kanye ne-Innovation yenkampani yendawo Estun).
Ukubaluleka Kwemboni:-Inani Eliphezulu Elisekelayo{1}}Ukuthuthukiswa Kwekhwalithi
Ukubaluleka kwamasu kwezinhlelo zokulawula ukunyakaza kudlula kakhulu impumelelo yezobuchwepheshe. Futhi kulele ekuhlonyisweni kwabo okuphelele kokuthuthukiswa kochungechunge lwezimboni, ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okuthuthukisiwe, nokudala ukubaluleka komphakathi.
Okokuqala, kumelela impumelelo ekubhekaneni nezingqinamba ekuthuthukisweni{0}}kwemishini ephezulu. Emishinini yokukhiqiza i-semiconductor, isigaba se-wafer somshini we-lithography kufanele sinyakaze amashumi amasentimitha ngesekhondi ngokunemba kwezinga le-nanometer{2}}. Ama-algorithms ayo okulawula ukunyakaza kanye nezingxenye eziyinhloko (njengamamotho alayini kanye nezifaki khodi{4}}zokulungiswa okuphezulu) zinquma ngokuqondile umkhawulo ophezulu wenqubo yokukhiqiza ama-chip. Ekucubunguleni i-blade yenjini yendiza, iphutha lokulawula i-trajectory yethuluzi-lomshini wama-axis amahlanu kufanele libe ngaphansi kuka-0.005 mm, ngaphandle kwalokho ukusebenza kwe-blade kwe-aerodynamic kuzohluleka. Ngaphambilini, lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe bokulawula ukunyakaza{9}okuphezulu beluphethwe isikhathi eside amazwe angaphandle, luvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ezifana nezindiza ezinkulu{10}}nemishini yokuthwebula yezokwelapha esezingeni eliphezulu ezweni lami. Eminyakeni yakamuva, impumelelo yabakhiqizi basekhaya ezindaweni ezibalulekile njengamadrayivu e-servo kanye{12}}nezinhlelo zokusebenza zesikhathi sangempela (RTOS) akwehlisanga nje kuphela izindleko zemishini (ngezintengo zeminye imikhiqizo yehle ngaphezu kuka-40%) kodwa futhi kuqinisekise ukuphepha kochungechunge lwezimboni.
Okwesibili, isebenza "njengebhuloho le-neural" lokuguqulwa kokukhiqiza okuhlakaniphile. Ku-Architecture ye-Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), isistimu yokulawula ukunyakaza idlala indima ebalulekile "kusendlalelo sokwenza"{1}}ithola imiyalelo yokukhiqiza evela ku-MES (Uhlelo Lokusebenza Lokukhiqiza), ihlukanisa imisebenzi ibe ukunyakaza okuthile kwezimoto kusetshenziswa{2}}ama-algorithms okulawula isikhathi sangempela, futhi yakhe i-looploop yenzwa evaliwe{3}. Isibonelo, emigqeni yokukhiqiza yezimoto eguquguqukayo, isistimu yokulawula ukunyakaza ehlakaniphile ingaxhumanisa kanyekanye inqwaba yamarobhothi ukuze iqedele ukushisela nokudweba imisebenzi yamamodeli ezimoto ahlukene, inciphise isikhathi sokushintsha kusukela emahoreni amane okuvamile ukuya kumaminithi angu-10. Ekuhlanganiseni kwe-electronics ye-3C, ukubona{8}}ukulawula ukunyakaza okuqondisiwe kuvumela imishini yokubeka ama-chip ukuthi iqedele ukuma kwengxenye kanye nokubekwa ngamasekhondi angu-0.1, okwandisa amazinga esivuno afike ku-99.99%. Lokhu kusebenzisana okusebenzayo "kokubona{12}}kwesinqumo{13}}sokwenza" kuyisici esibalulekile esihlukanisa ukukhiqiza okuhlakaniphile kokuzenzakalelayo okujwayelekile.
Okwesithathu, isebenza "njengenjini esebenza kahle" ekuthuthukisweni okuluhlaza kanye{0}nekhabhoni ephansi. Ngokulawula ngokunembile amandla aphumayo enjini kanye ne-trajectory yokunyakaza, amasistimu anyakazayo anganciphisa kakhulu ukumosheka kwamandla. Isibonelo, ukufaka esikhundleni samamotho endabuko asynchronous ngokushayela kwe-servo emishinini yendwangu kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngo-30%. Kumasistimu okuhlelwa kwezinto, ama-algorithms wokuhlela we-AGV asuselwa ekuthuthukisweni kwendlela anganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla sekukonke ngaphezu kwama-25%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokulawula ukunyakaza kuphinde kwakhuthaza ukuklama okungasindi{7}}izinjini ezincane kanye nokusheshisa ngokushesha nezikhathi zokwehla zisho ukusetshenziswa okuncane kwempahla kanye nokuhlala emkhathini, okuhambisana kakhulu nezidingo zentuthuko esimeme zemigomo ye-"dual carbon".
Okwesine, isebenza njengendawo yokuhlola ukuhlangana kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Ubunkimbinkimbi bezinhlelo zokulawula ukunyakaza buwenza abe yisimo esifanelekile sohlelo lokusebenza{1}}lobuchwepheshe obusemaphethelweni njengobuhlakaniphile bokwenziwa, izinto ezintsha, kanye nokuzwa kwe-quantum. Ama-algorithms okufunda okujulile angasetshenziselwa ukulungiswa okubikezelwayo, ukukhomba ukwehluleka kusengaphambili ngokuhlaziya idatha yokudlidliza kanye nezinga lokushisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi we-silicon carbide (SiC) kukhuphule isivinini sokuphendula sokushayela kwe-servo izikhathi eziyi-10. Ama-Quantum gyroscopes kulindeleke ukuthi anikeze-isilinganiso sesimo sengqondo esinembayo sokulawula ukunyakaza kwe-aerospace. Le ndlela yokuhlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene ayigcini nje ngokunweba imingcele yezobuchwepheshe yokulawula ukunyakaza kodwa futhi ikhuthaza izimboni ezisafufusa njengamarobhothi esevisi namarobhothi okuhlinzwa ezokwelapha.
Isiphetho: Amaculo Abalulekile Ekusasa
Kusukela ekudluliseleni ngomshini enkathini yesitimu ukuya ekusebenzisaneni okuhlakaniphile enkathini yedijithali, ukuvela kwezinhlelo zokulawula ukunyakaza kuye kwahambisana nokuphishekela komuntu "ukulawula ukunemba." Ngokumelene nesizinda sokuqina kokuncintisana kwezokukhiqiza emhlabeni wonke kanye nesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zasekhaya, amasistimu okulawula ukunyakaza awawona nje ukhiye ekuxazululeni inkinga "yokuthembela ekuthengisweni{1}ezinto zokusebenza eziphezulu," kodwa futhi injini ebalulekile yokuhlakulela{2}ukukhiqiza okusha kanye nokukhuthaza{3}ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu yomnotho wangempela. Kodokotela, lokhu kuveza kokubili izinselelo zobuchwepheshe (njengokuthuthukisa{5}}ama-axis amaningi okulawula ama-algorithms kanye nokusebenzisa ubuhlakani obuncane) kanye namathuba amakhulu okusungula izinto ezintsha (njengokulawula okuhlanganyelwe kwerobhothi le-humanoid kanye nokuhlelwa kokunyakaza kwe-microgravity kumishini yasemkhathini). Esizweni, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo ocwaningweni oluyisisekelo (njengethiyori yokulawula engaqondile), izingxenye ezibalulekile ({7}}njengamamojula anembe aphezulu namamojula wamandla), kanye ne-industrial ecosystem (njengokusetha okujwayelekile nokuthuthukiswa kwethalente) kubalulekile ukuze kuthathwe isinyathelo kulo mjaho oncike ekuqhudelaneni kwesikhathi esizayo.
Ngokuthuthuka okunamandla kwezimboni ezisafufusa njengokukhiqiza okuhlakaniphile, amandla amasha, ne-biomedicine, amasistimu okulawula ukunyakaza ngeke esaba ngemuva{0}}-kubadlali bezigcawu kuphela. Esikhundleni salokho, azoba ubuchwepheshe obuchazayo benkathi elandelayo yezimboni, enikeza ubuhlakani obukhulu, ukuguquguquka, kanye nobungane bemvelo.
